Enter any number from 1 to 3,999 into the Number field to get its Roman numeral equivalent — or type a Roman numeral (like XIV or MMXXIV) to convert it back to a standard Arabic number. The Roman Numeral Converter handles both directions automatically, showing you the full conversion with a breakdown of each numeral's value. Also try the Scientific Calculator.
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The seven symbols used in Roman numerals are I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1,000). All Roman numeral values are built by combining these seven letters using additive and subtractive rules. See also our calculate Weighted Average Grade, Letter Grade & GPA Equivalent — Grade.
When a smaller numeral appears before a larger one, it is subtracted rather than added. For example, IV means 5 − 1 = 4, and IX means 10 − 1 = 9. Only I, X, and C can be used subtractively, and only before the next two values in the scale.
The largest number representable with standard Roman numeral letters is 3,999, written as MMMCMXCIX. Numbers above this traditionally required an overline (a bar placed over a numeral to multiply it by 1,000), but that notation is not used in everyday modern contexts.
Roman numerals appear on clock and watch faces, in book chapter numbering, at the Super Bowl and Olympic Games, in movie sequels and copyright years, on building cornerstones, and in formal outlines. They are also popular for tattoos marking significant dates like birthdays and anniversaries. You might also find our Number to Words Converter Calculator useful.
Convert each part of the date (month, day, and year) separately to Roman numerals. For example, November 14, 1985 becomes XI.XIV.MCMLXXXV. Common separators include dots, dashes, and slashes. Use our converter to check each number individually.
No. The Roman numeral system has no symbol for zero and cannot represent negative numbers. It was designed purely for counting and ordering positive whole numbers. The concept of zero was later introduced through Hindu-Arabic numerals.
The subtractive notation (IV for 4, IX for 9) became standardized during the Middle Ages to reduce the number of repeated characters and improve readability. However, IIII was historically used and still appears on some clock faces today.
Work left to right. If a symbol is followed by one of equal or lesser value, add it. If a symbol is followed by one of greater value, subtract it. For example, XLII: X before L means subtract (40), then add I + I (2), giving 42.