Water Potential Calculator

Water potential (Ψ) is a measure of the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water. It determines the direction and rate of water movement in biological systems, helping explain how plants transport water from roots to leaves.

Water potential is calculated by summing all its components: Ψ = Ψs + Ψp + Ψg + Ψm + Ψh. The main components are solute potential (always negative) and pressure potential (can be positive or negative).

Solute potential is negative because dissolved particles reduce the free energy of water compared to pure water. The more solutes present, the more negative the solute potential becomes.

Water always flows from areas of higher water potential to areas of lower water potential. This is similar to how water flows downhill - it moves from high energy to low energy states.

The main components are solute potential (Ψs), pressure potential (Ψp), gravitational potential (Ψg), matric potential (Ψm), and hydrostatic potential (Ψh). Solute and pressure potentials are usually the most significant.

Water potential is typically measured in pressure units such as megapascals (MPa), kilopascals (kPa), atmospheres (atm), or bars. MPa is the most common unit in plant physiology.

Plants create a water potential gradient from soil to atmosphere. Root cells maintain lower water potential than soil water, causing water uptake. Transpiration creates an even lower potential in leaves, driving water transport upward.

Solute potential represents the osmotic effect of dissolved substances and is always negative. Pressure potential represents physical pressure on the water and can be positive (turgor pressure) or negative (tension).