Hybridization Calculator

In chemistry, hybridization describes how an atom's atomic orbitals mix to form new bonds — and knowing it unlocks the shape and behavior of any molecule. Enter the number of sigma (σ) bonds and lone pairs on the central atom, then select the element to get the Hybridization State (e.g., sp, sp², sp³). Secondary outputs include the steric number, molecular geometry, and ideal bond angle.

Count the number of sigma bonds connected to the atom

Count the number of lone electron pairs on the atom

Results

Hybridization State

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Steric Number

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Molecular Geometry

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Ideal Bond Angle

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do you determine hybridization of an atom?

To determine hybridization, count the number of atoms connected to your target atom (not bonds) and add the number of lone pairs. If the sum is 4, it's sp³; if 3, it's sp²; if 2, it's sp hybridization.

What is the steric number and how is it calculated?

The steric number equals the number of sigma bonds plus the number of lone pairs around an atom. This number determines the hybridization state and molecular geometry.

Are there any exceptions to the hybridization rules?

Yes, the main exception is atoms with lone pairs adjacent to pi bonds. In these cases, lone pairs may occupy p-orbitals instead of hybrid orbitals for better orbital overlap with the pi system.

What is the difference between sp, sp², and sp³ hybridization?

sp hybridization (linear, 180°) has 2 electron domains, sp² hybridization (trigonal planar, 120°) has 3 electron domains, and sp³ hybridization (tetrahedral, 109.5°) has 4 electron domains.

How does geometry relate to hybridization?

Geometry determines hybridization, not the other way around. The spatial arrangement of electron domains around an atom dictates which hybrid orbitals are used.

Can lone pairs affect molecular geometry?

Yes, lone pairs occupy space and affect molecular shape. While they contribute to the steric number for hybridization, they create different molecular geometries compared to bonding pairs.

What are some real-world applications of hybridization?

Hybridization helps predict molecular shapes, bond angles, and properties in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and biochemistry. It's essential for understanding drug interactions and enzyme mechanisms.