Peltier / TEC Calculator

The hot side temperature is where heat is rejected (typically to ambient), while the cold side temperature is where cooling occurs. The temperature difference (ΔT) between these sides determines the Peltier module's performance requirements.

Thermal resistance depends on your heat sink design and thermal interface materials. Typical values range from 0.5-2 K/W for good heat sinks with fans, and 2-10 K/W for passive cooling. Check your heat sink specifications or measure experimentally.

This ratio indicates how close you're operating to the module's maximum temperature difference capability. Values above 0.7 indicate you're pushing the module hard, which reduces efficiency and may require a larger module.

Choose minimum power for battery-operated applications or when electrical efficiency is critical. Choose minimum size when space is limited and power consumption is less important. Balanced mode provides a good compromise.

COP decreases with larger temperature differences and higher heat loads. Peltier modules are most efficient at small ΔT values. Consider improving thermal resistance or using multiple stages for better performance.

Yes, Peltier modules can provide both cooling and heating. For heating mode, reverse the hot and cold side temperatures. The heat output will be the electrical power plus the heat pumped from the cold side.

Exceeding the optimal current increases power consumption with diminishing cooling returns, and may damage the module through overheating. Always operate within the calculated parameters for optimal performance and longevity.

These calculations provide good estimates based on typical Peltier module characteristics. Actual performance may vary ±15% due to manufacturing tolerances, thermal interface quality, and real-world conditions. Always verify with prototypes for critical applications.