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Pulling Tension
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Sidewall Pressure
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Max Allowable Tension
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Safety Factor
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Maximum pulling tension varies by cable type and size. For copper conductors, it's typically 0.008 × circular mil area pounds. For aluminum, it's about 0.006 × circular mil area pounds.
Smaller bend radii increase sidewall pressure significantly, though they don't directly affect straight-pull tension. Larger radii reduce sidewall pressure and make pulls easier on the cable jacket.
Typical coefficients range from 0.2-0.5. Dry conduit is around 0.4-0.5, while properly lubricated pulls can achieve 0.15-0.25. Always use appropriate pulling lubricant for long or difficult pulls.
Sidewall pressure equals the pulling tension times the coefficient of friction divided by the bend radius. Higher tension, tighter bends, and more friction all increase sidewall pressure.
Use sweep bends for long pulls with large conductors when sidewall pressure calculations exceed allowable limits. Sweep bends have larger radii that significantly reduce sidewall pressure.
Conduit size doesn't directly affect pulling tension as long as fill ratios comply with NEC requirements. However, oversized conduits can reduce friction and make pulls easier.
Use pulling lubricant, install intermediate pull points, increase bend radii, pull from the end farthest from bends, and consider pushing shorter sections instead of long pulls.